Международная академия авторов

Rankings Many research studies try to rank countries based on measures of innovation. Common areas of focus include:  high-tech  companies,  manufacturing ,  patents ,  post secondary education ,  research and development , and research personnel. The left ranking of the top 10 countries below is based on the 2016  Bloomberg Innovation Index . [58]  However, studies may vary widely; for example the  Global Innovation Index  2016 ranks  Switzerland  as number one wherein countries like  South Korea  and  Japan  do not even make the top ten. [59] Bloomberg Innovation Index  2016 Rank Country/Territory Index 1   South Korea 91.31 2   Germany 85.54 3   Sweden 85.21 4   Japan 85.07 5    Switzerland 84.96 6   Singapore 84.54 7   Finland 83.80 8   United States 82.84 9   Denmark 81.40 10   France 80.39 Global Innovation Index  2016...

Diffusion Main article:  Diffusion of innovations Diffusion of innovation research was first started in 1903 by seminal researcher  Gabriel Tarde , who first plotted the S-shaped  diffusion curve . Tarde defined the innovation-decision process as a series of steps that includes: [37] First knowledge Forming an attitude A decision to adopt or reject Implementation and use Confirmation of the decision Once innovation occurs, innovations may be spread from the innovator to other individuals and groups. This process has been proposed that the life cycle of innovations can be described using the ' s-curve ' or  diffusion curve . The s-curve maps growth of revenue or productivity against time. In the early stage of a particular innovation, growth is relatively slow as the new product establishes itself. At some point customers begin to demand and the product growth increases more rapidly. New incremental innovations or changes to the product allow g...

Innovation  can be defined simply as a "new idea, device or method". [1]  However, innovation is often also viewed as the application of better solutions that meet new requirements, unarticulated needs, or existing market needs. [2]  This is accomplished through more-effective  products ,  processes ,  services ,  technologies , or business models that are readily available to  markets ,  governments  and  society . The term "innovation" can be defined as something original and more effective and, as a consequence, new, that "breaks into" the market or society. [3]  It is related to, but not the same as,  invention . [4]  Innovation is often manifested via the  engineering  process. The opposite of innovation is  exnovation . While a novel device is often described as an innovation, in economics, management science, and other fields of practice and analysis, innovation is generally considered to be ...